The Miri Formation is continuously studied by many researchers in various aspects and disciplines in geology due to the important petroleum reservoir since the period of production in 1920-1941. The aim of this study is to analyse a basic principle of postulated type locality found in Miri area. A complete sequence of the Miri Formation (measured section) is exposed at Oil Well road which is related to the Miri Formation. The distribution of outcrops is widely distributed at a few localities in Miri region such as Tanjong Lobang, Airport road, Hospital road and Oil Well road. The rock formation is preserves a complete sequence of sedimentary facies established for the Miri Formation. The section comprises the following facies; facies 1: planar cross stratified (PcS), facies 2: swaley cross stratified (ScS), facies 3: swaley-Hummocky cross stratified (SHcS), facies 4: Hummocky cross stratified (HcS) and facies 5: parallel laminae facies. Those facies are interpreted to have been deposited from offshore, lower shoreface to foreshore setting at a shoreline system. This measured section found stands by itself without referring to another rock unit either lateral or vertical distribution except the information reported by former researchers that they used sub-surface data to evaluate other formation (lithostratigraphic unit) related to it.

Sebatik Island belongs to two countries; Malaysia (northwest) and Indonesia (southeast). The study only involved Malaysia’s area, covering an area about 200 km2. The area of study comprised of Sebatik Sandstone-Shale Member from Kalumpang Formation; is part of the Neogene sequence located in the northern part of the Tarakan Basin. The main objective of this study is to analyze the sedimentary facies, and then to interpret the paleoenvironment in the study area. There has been no such study ever conducted by any researcher in Sebatik Island, Malaysia. This study was carried out through systematic characterization of sedimentary structure parameters on rock outcrops in the field based on sedimentological methods. Regarding on that characterization, several facies had been identified; amongst them namely heterolithic facies that was divided into three subfacies; lenticular bedding, wavy bedding and flaser bedding. These subfacies are combined and linked into one facies association that describe of the shoreline environments. It is formed through drag and drop processes dominated by the tides influence. The discovery on Sebatik Island, Malaysia is in line with the setting of Meliat Formation, Indonesia.

This study was conducted to determine the value of Geological Strength Index (GSI), to predict rock mass properties, very unfavourable discontinuities combination and tunnel support pressure for rock bolts or shotcrete and to determine the suitability of GSI for a tunnel in Crocker Formation. Engineering geological mapping and discontinuity survey was done along the tunnel face as well as rock sampling. GSI values and the disturbance factor were obtained from field observation on the tunnel face. Point load and dry density test was conducted to determine the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and unit weight, respectively. The rock mass properties, kinematic analysis and limit equilibrium analysis was used to determine the factor of safety (F.O.S) and pressure to stabilise the tunnel. The rock mass was characterised by 94.88 MPa UCS, 0.024 MN/m3 unit weight, widely space and high persistency. The GSI value is 50 with 0.8 disturbance factor. The cohesion, friction angle and tensile strength are 3.671 MPa, 25.20° and 0.056 MPa respectively. The friction angle was reduced by 5° due to lower shear strength of bedding plane. There are eight possibilities of discontinuities combinations on tunnel crown that have F.O.S lower than 2 and combination of joints 2, 4 and 6 has the maximum wedge volume of 28.37 m3. The maximum support pressure of rock bolts or shotcrete for F.O.S of 2 at the tunnel crown is 0.04 MN. The high F.O.S value may have been due to the overestimation of friction angle and cohesion of discontinuity plane. Then, this study shows that GSI system is unsuitable for the tunnel in study area which behave as anisotropic and structurally controls rock mass, but if needed, the values of rock mass properties, discontinuities combination and support pressure can be used for tunnel design.

An assessment of stability potential of rock slopes from Ranau, Sabah has been conducted using modified D-slope method. D-slope comprises of G-Rating determination and Potential Instability to assess the slope condition using field observations, laboratory analysis and microfabric analysis. 17 parameters have been done for G-Rating purpose including the type of rocks, weathering grade, existence of faults and joints, number of major sets, number of orientations, aperture, persistence and spacing of discontinuities, rainfall, hydraulic condition, height of slope, history of instability, porosity, strength, micro-petrographic and micro-fractures index. Kinematic analysis is used for Potential Instability analysis to determine the type of failures for each slope. This later is to determine the level of slope’s risk: No Risk, Low Risk, Moderate Risk or High Risk. Six slopes have been chosen from Trusmadi Formation and ultrabasic Rocks along Marakau – Ranau Sport Complex. Based on the results of G-Rating, only slope S1 and S4 have value more than 0.4 while other slopes have less than 0.4 which indicates stable slopes. Based on kinematic analysis, all slopes experienced wedge failures with S4 and S5 also have planar failure possibility which show that all slopes have potential instability. D-slope analysis indicates that slope S4 is considered as Moderate Risk with mitigation suggestions are rock anchor and soil nailing with further actions required. Slope S1 is categorized as Low Risk with suggestions of stream system inspection and vegetation on exposed area of the slopes, while other slopes (S2, S3, S5 and S6) have no suggestion for mitigation as been assessed as No Risk.

Coastal erosion is a concern to coastline management and it affects the socio-economic well-being of local communities. The rehabilitation of Selabat Mudflats Nature Reserve (SMNR) in Sarawak is one of the most impressive achievements of the “Mangrove and Suitable Tree Species Planting at the National Coastline Program” implemented by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). The rehabilitation efforts began in 2009, where 20 hectares of Rhizophora mucronata were planted and followed by an additional 1.7 hectares of Casuarina equisetifolia. Previously, this area was a sandy coastline where coastal erosion occurred every year causing local loss of land and properties. However, through conservation and rehabilitation efforts, this area was restored and is now able to generate more income for local communities as well as playing a protective role against coastal erosion caused by coastal waves and strong winds. In 2016, this study was conducted to assess the economic impacts of SMNR rehabilitation. The findings from a sample of 42 households showed that the income generated for local communities around SMNR amounted to RM250, 320 per month or RM3, 003,840 per year. A non-user survey of 401 samples was also conducted, using Contingent Valuation Method to estimate the economic value of SMNR rehabilitation. The result showed the economic value of rehabilitation of SMNR was RM39 million for the year 2016 or RM195, 980 per hectare. These findings showed that the function of rehabilitation and conservation of mangroves forests against coastal erosion brings positive economic impacts. Rehabilitation and conservation of mangrove areas in Malaysia should be given more attention as global warming and rising sea level are going to have negative impacts on coastal settlements. Wise decision-making in the utilisation and allocation of limited resources is important particularly in the context of conflict between conservation and other development that led to its destruction.

Everyday it rains heavily during the monsoon period around December to January in Terengganu watershed especially near to the South China Sea is experiencing a flash flood. the flood is usually occurring in most of the states in Peninsular Malaysia. the use of Geographic information system to identify those zones which are vulnerable to flood risk was employed. The method is to characterize different hydrologic response units into subbasins which were adopted using the Soil Water Assesment Tool (SWAT). The geomorphic factors of soil, land use and slope have greatly influenced the water flow that causes the flood. the Terengganu watershed was delineated and the flood risk at individual subbasin parameter was simulated in form of real-time simulation. All the scenario within the catchment was calculated for easy mitigation. The flood risk models were developed for the purpose of planning and management. the HRUs are found to be vulnerable to flood risk with a greater impact of soil and land cover in the Terengganu River catchment area.