The geothermal energy potential in southeastern Niger Delta, Nigeria, was evaluated using high-resolution aeromagnetic data. The study examined key thermal parameters, including Curie Point Depth (CPD), Geothermal Gradient, Heat Flow, and magnetic source depths, to assess the feasibility of geothermal energy production. Results show significant spatial variations in geothermal characteristics, with some areas displaying high exploration potential. Block 9, near Akamkpa (latitude: 5.485°N, longitude: 7.035°E), has the shallowest CPD at 23.27 km, indicating strong geothermal potential due to the proximity of subsurface heat. In contrast, Block 36 near Ikot Abasi (latitude: 4.815°N, longitude: 7.049°E), with a CPD of 83.15 km, presents deeper and less accessible resources. Geothermal Gradient values range from 6.98°C/km to 24.93°C/km, with Block 9 exhibiting a higher gradient, favorable for geothermal energy extraction at shallower depths. Heat flow varies from 17.44 mW/m² to 62.33 mW/m², with Block 9 again showing the highest values, aligning with its shallow CPD and high gradient, suggesting active geothermal processes. In contrast, Block 36 demonstrates lower heat flow and geothermal potential. Magnetic source depth maps and Total Magnetic Intensity residual data also support Block 9 as a promising location for geothermal development. It is recommended that Block 9 be prioritized for further exploration, with detailed geophysical surveys like seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) studies to refine drilling targets.

Bangladesh, despite having a subtropical climate, is characterized by dry winters and hot summers, ranks top among the most vulnerable countries to climate change. In recent years, climate change has drawn significant attention from academics, researchers, and policymakers worldwide. This study examines the trends in annual and monthly relative humidity in Khulna, Bangladesh, over a 15-year period (2007-2021). Its aim is to provide updated insights into weather patterns, particularly relative humidity, in Khulna. Secondary data on rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity were obtained from the Regional Inspection Center (RIC) of the Bangladesh Meteorological Department in Gollamary, Khulna. Mean, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV), were calculated to assess the annual and monthly distribution of relative humidity. Trend analyses were conducted applying bivariate analysis, and linear regression was utilized to examine the relationship between relative humidity and time. The associations between relative humidity and temperature, as well as between relative humidity and rainfall, were also assessed. Additionally, annual and monthly thermal heat index (THI) values were calculated. The findings revealed that annual relative humidity remained relatively stable, with minimal deviation across the years. Mean monthly relative humidity fluctuated significantly, ranging from 71.60% to 87.27%, following a tri-modal distribution pattern. When plotted against years, annual relative humidity showed a negative but non-significant trend (y = – 0.0823x + 245.86, R2 = 0.0646). Most months showed a declining trend in average relative humidity, with the most substantial and statistically significant reduction occurring in September. THI levels were generally uncomfortable for the human body across most months and years. Monthly average relative humidity displayed a negative relationship with mean monthly temperature and a positive association with mean monthly rainfall. Both relationships were found to be statistically significant (p &lt 0.001). This study highlights the urgent need for adaptive strategies to ensure sustainable agricultural productivity in Khulna and recommends improved monitoring systems due to the variability and uncertainty in relative humidity patterns.

The present study focuses on investigation of competence, corrosivity and plasticity of soils using geophysical and geotechnical methods in Naraguta area. Twenty (20) VES stations were occupied in the study area using Schlumberger array with current electrode separation (AB) varying from 1.5 to 125 m. The VES data acquired in the field were interpreted by curve matching using the Winresist software. Ten (10) soil samples were collected at depth of about 1.5m for geotechnical tests (Liquid limits, plastic limits, plasticity index and linear shrinkage). Resistivity value (23.4-2528.9 Ωm) was used to classify the competence of the soils into three namely: highly competent (>750 Ωm), competent area (350-750Ωm) and incompetent (<100Ω). The soil corrosivity in the area was classified into three namely: moderately corrosive (10-60 Ωm), slightly corrosive (60-180 Ωm) and practically non-corrosive (>180Ωm). The study area is underlain by four (4) geoelectric layers which comprises of Clay, Sandy clay, Clay sand and crystalline rock. The plasticity index (11-270) is classified into medium-plastic (7-17) and highly plastic (>17). The linear shrinkage (7.5-10.7) indicates medium (5-10) and poor-quality soil (10-15). Three (3) degree of expansion zones identified are low, medium and high degree of expansions. Three (3) danger of severity zones were identified namely: non-critical, marginal and critical. Based on the geophysical values the area can be classified into highly competent, competent and incompetent soil for building construction while the geotechnical values indicate medium plasticity/compressibility which suggests medium competence while high plasticity/compressibility suggest low competence.

The sandstone of Inkisi, serving as support for infrastructure and construction materials in the city province of Kinshasa, is of interest for geomechanical studies in particular and geological studies in general. Given its outcrop almost everywhere in Kinshasa and its high consumption in the field of buildings and public works, we have set ourselves the main goal of its macroscopic petrographic characterization and on thin sections using a polarizing microscope, mineralogical by X-ray diffraction and geomechanical by Simple and Los Angeles compression tests using quarry samples from the Kimwenza and Kinsuka sandstones. Petrographically, they are essentially arkosic sandstones. X-ray diffraction reveals the abundance of quartz in our sandstones. It also allowed the detection of minerals containing titanium in addition to feldspars. The simple compression test showed that these sandstones follow mode A from the point of view of rupture and that these sandstones belong to the class of medium strength from the point of view of the classification of resistance to simple compression. The Los Angeles test suggests that these sandstones have a coefficient in the good to average range. And therefore, on a geomechanical level, the sandstones studied in the two quarries of Kimwenza and Kinsuka are suitable for various construction works.

Climate change is manifesting globally with phenomena like floods, storms, crop failures, droughts, and migrations. Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is significantly impacted by these changes. Despite its vulnerability, modern research on climate change in the region is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating rainfall data as an indicator of climate change in Kinshasa. Analyzing 32 years of daily rainfall records (1988-2019), it evaluates patterns such as consecutive dry days, rainy season duration, and maximum daily rainfall. This comprehensive assessment seeks to enhance understanding of climate dynamics in Kinshasa and support the development of targeted resilience measures in the DRC

The Kenyan Marble Quarry (KMQ) community is famous for its abundant crystalline limestone deposits, mined for the past eight decades or more at an industrial scale. The area is underlain by a lithologically and structurally complex mix of basement system rocks, and being semi-arid, there are no perennial waters in the area; hence, almost total dependence is on groundwater derived from confined basement aquifers whose occurrence is affected by geological and morphological intricacies. Long-term active mining, coupled with intense weathering processes, are potential geological triggers that could influence the hydrogeological makeup of the area, hence affecting groundwater flow and the physicochemical character of the aquifer. This study aims to interpret data from geological ground-truthing, remote sensing, and existing borehole logs to gain insights into the likely morphological, geological, and structural impacts on surface run-off and sub-surface flow in the KMQ community and its surrounding localities. Run-off flow patterns over the drainage area correlate strongly with surface elevation trends, but the multi-directional dendritic stream flow is highly impacted by soil nature and surface lineaments, evidenced by a SE mean directional stream flow, which correlates with the NW-SE principal orientation of foliations in the area. Patterns of spatial groundwater table elevation over the area show average correlation with surface elevation patterns. Subsurface water flow directions differ to some extent, indicating strong geological controls with NEE-SWW and NW-SE major trending fractures serving as conduits. Accurate point information from borehole logs indicates that weathered and fractured biotite gneisses are the main aquiferous zones over the study area. They are confined by fresh metamorphic basements and clays, which raise the water table upward to depths of up to 17m in some places. The weathered aquifers are highly prone to chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, leaching, or dissolution, all favouring pollution. Also, rock disintegration from mining, exposed surfaces of abandoned mines, and mine tailings could favour acidic conditions and pollution by metallic and non-metallic agents, washed down the drains as run-off. This paper provides a background for further scientific research into possible soil and water pollution from geogenic sources triggered by industrial mining in the KMQ area and extending to its neighbouring localities.

This study investigates the tectono-stratigraphic response of the continental red beds of Abu Zenima Formation, Sinai using digital outcrop modelling to the evolution of the intra-block Nukhul fault zone during the Oligo-Miocene initial rifting phase in the Suez Rift, Egypt. Nukhul fault zone is one of the several intra-block fault zones from a 500 Km2 area of the Hammam Faraun fault block and is interpreted to have evolved from two isolated fault segments trending NW-SE. Abu Zenima Formation represents the early fluvio-lacustrine syn-rift stratigraphy and documents an early phase of basin fill in the hanging-wall of Nukhul fault zone. The stratal geometries are characterised by considerable along-strike variability in thickness and onlap relationship. The thickest stratigraphy developed towards the centre of the fault segments. This shows variation in displacement along the strike from maxima at fault centre to minima at fault tip produced as a result of temporal and spatial evolution of normal fault growth. Fault-propagation folds that form due to the growth of extensional faults, in particular fault-parallel syncline and fault-perpendicular anticline control the structural style of the early syn-rift basin. The observed onlap relationship of the lower stratal geometries and the subsequent pronounced thinning of the upper stratal geometries towards the fault-perpendicular anticline from the two NW-SE segments, indicates that the two fault segments interacted at an early age during the initial rifting and were subsequently linked as a normal fault zone. The implication of this study could be related to hydrocarbon exploration of early syn-rift play in many rift basin within the passive (Atlantic type) continental margins. Such basin contains excellent fluvial reservoirs with thickness variation, truncation and onlap relationship across the basin. Thus, understanding the tectonic control and other synorogenic sedimentation and resultant depositional geometries of syn-rift sedimentary rocks will substantially reduces hydrocarbon exploration risk.

The modulus of elasticity is one of the major parameters satisfying well bore stability and it has been modelled to account for this purpose in the A3-Field of the Niger Delta Basin. Three different suites of logs (Q, R and S) were available for this research. Microsoft Excel was used for the data processing and computation of results after due process had been taken to free the data from noise. The results obtained from the three separate data yield log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4292 log 𝐸 from well Q, log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4314 log 𝐸 from well R and log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4339 log 𝐸 from well S. The parameter P, chosen as the local fit constant, shows almost sameness and as such averaged as 2.4315. If the dynamic young’s modulus is known, then log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4315 log 𝐸 is adequate for computation of static young’s modulus. This result had been tested with the model from Bradford approach although very slight deviation is noted. Bradford case study excluded Niger Delta Basin which could be the reason for this. The coefficients of determination of the three relations strongly established the advantage of P value obtained from this finding. The differences in the coefficients of determination show that this research finding improves the outcome when compared to Bradford constant by 0.0169 for well Q, 0.0031 for well R, 0.0241 for well S, in the Niger Delta basin. These differences are appreciable results needed for accurate prediction of brittleness and stability parameter and development of the oil wells.

This study employed spectral analysis, Source Parameter Imaging (SPI), and Euler deconvulation techniques on two aeoromagnetic data sheets (Illushi 286 and Nsukka 287) to assess the depth to sub-surface structures and estimate the depth to magnetic sources at the transition region of Oyandega Area, Ibaji local government of Kogi state, part of lower Benue Trough (Anambra Basin). SPI techniques show minimum to maximum depth to anomalous source as 25.765m to 2533.293m. Euler deconvolution for contact body (Structural Index=1), indicate depth ranges from -473.70m to 751.11m, for extrusive body like thin layer, dyke (Structural Index =2) ranges from -619.74 to 1122.25m and for sphere (Structural Index =3), the depth to magnetic source obtained ranges from -800m to 1494.12m. From the spectral analysis, depth to the first layer (D1) in the study area varies from 1.3100 km to 5.6700 km with an average depth of 3.4900 km while second layer depth (D2) varies from 0.15300 km to 1.3200 km with the average depth of 0.7365 km. This result therefore indicates that the average basement depth of the study area as deduced from power spectrum inversion is 2.11325 km. The results favour the accumulation of petroleum around Agnosi, Annegbette, ijankuta and Uhro of the study area. The shallow magnetic sources around Nwajala, Adani, and Ogbo-uvuru are believed to be the resultant of basement rocks that were tectonically uplifted into the sedimentary overburden.

This paper presents the petrography and mineral chemistry of charnockitic gneisses exposed at Ikeram-Ibaram within the Precambrian Basement Complex of southwestern Nigeria. Quartz, plagioclase, perthite, amphibole, biotite and orthopyroxene are essential minerals, while apatite, ilmenite, magnetite and zircon are accessories. Orthopyroxene is ferro-hypersthene (En44Fs56Wo0) with low TiO2, CaO contents, but high in MgO compositions. Orthopyroxene is mantled by hornblende and relicts of biotite grains are found within orthopyroxene as inclusions. Plagioclase is andesine and occur as inclusions in other minerals. Biotite has high concentration of TiO2, but poor in CaO. Ilmenite and magnetite are closely associated with orthopyroxene. Rare earth element (REE) displays enrichment in light REE and depletion in heavy REE with negative Eu anomaly. Biotite as relicts in orthopyroxene and amphibole mantling orthopyroxene are clear evidences of retrograde metamorphic events. The mineral reactions suggest the retrogression of the charnockitic gneisses that are products of rehydration processes. These relationships between pairs of minerals indicate retrogressive form of metamorphism at the transition from granulite facies to amphibolites facies.