Borehole failure poses significant challenges in various industries, including oil and gas exploration, geothermal energy extraction, and groundwater resource management. The method leverages on the principles of aeromagnetic survey, to assess borehole failure in Ilawe and environs in Nigeria. The first vertical derivative with a range of -0.28 to 0.29nT/m. This range suggests moderate enhancement of shallow magnetic sources, indicating noticeable but not extreme near surface contrast. This often correspond to mildly fractured zones, weathered layers or subtle lithological boundaries. In terms of borehole stability, such conditions imply a moderate risk of failure, particularly, if the borehole intersects these weak or discontinuous formations. In terms of susceptibility distribution, across the studied area; North of Irorin, Aaye, and Oke-emo are low to moderately susceptible to borehole failure while Okepa, Iro, and Okeleye have the lowest chances for borehole failure, due to its lowest magnetic susceptibility values. The assessment of borehole failure using the aeromagnetic techniques provided valuable insights into the subsurface conditions and help identify potential issues related to borehole integrity.

The purpose of present study is to assess the physicochemical characteristics of bloated basalt for its sustainability in cement industry. Data reveal that the silica content in bloated sample is 66.82% which is 6% higher than the silica reported in an unbloated sample. Decreasing sulphur trioxide (SO3) content in bloated basalt samples reduced the chances of internal sulfate attack. All chemical parameters of bloated basalt are within permissible limits and follow the corresponding standards. LOI and density of unbloated basalt is 2.9% and 0.1% that after heating reduced to 0.41% to 2.41 respectively. The compressive strength of the bloated sample shows slightly greater strength on 2, 7 and 28 days as compared to unbloated. By the addition of 5% bloated basalt sample in OPC the initial and final setting time increased from 15 to 20 minutes and from 5 to 10 minutes, respectively. Specific gravity shows a continuous decrease in the mass with the increase in temperature. The comparison of 5% bloated basalt powder by their replacement in OPC as a Pozzolanic cementitious material reveal that there is no major effect on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the cement.

Ten types of dispersed organic matter and palynomorphs were identified from outcrop samples of the Nkporo, Mamu and Nsukka formations including spores and fungi (SP), pollen (PO), freshwater algae (FWA), microforaminiferal inner linings (FL), dinoflagellates (DFL), structured phytoclasts (STPH) (wood, cuticles, parenchyma), unstructured phytoclasts (UNPH) (communited and degraded fragments), black debris (BD) and amorphous organic matter (AOM). The identified palynofacies were analyzed using principal component and cluster analysis (PCA). From the scatter plot, three groups are recognized as indicated by loops namely group A (SP and PO) group B (UNPH, STPH and BD), group C (AOM, FL, ACR and FWA). The heatmap dendogram enabled the definition of four main palyno-ecological groups forming the 1″ order cluster namely Cluster 1A comprising (SP and PO). Cluster 1B comprise of (UNPH, STPH, BD). Cluster 1C comprise of (AOM and FWA). Cluster 1D comprise of (FL, DFL and ACR). The palyno-ecological clusters were grouped according to their environmental significance, Subcluster 1A palyno-ecology is comprised of Pollen (PO) and Spores (SP) while subcluster 1C is made up of Amorphous organic matter (AOM) and Fresh water algae (FWA) These two sub clusters implicated the rainforest and savanna palyno-ecologies as the major prevalent ecologies during the time of sediments deposition. The 1B subcluster indicates palynofacies typical of swamp constituted by structured and unstructured phytoclast and black debris (STPH, UNPH and BD) which was pronounced in Mamu Formation. Cluster 1D comprising of Dinoflagellate (DFL), Foram linings (FL) and Acritarch (ACR) indicated marine palyno-ecologies. Dinoflagellates constitutes a major part of the modern oceanic planktonic distribution. The presence of a wide variety of palynomorphs indicated that the environment supported a rich and diverse tropical flora. Furthermore, the pattern represented on the heatmap pointed to an alternation of ecologies from one with a greater marine influence to swamp/forest and Savanna Palyno-ecological Communities. Moreover, the observed progressive decrease in the abundance of spores and fungi, and the steady increase in the abundance of foraminiferal lining, dinocysts and marine indicator palynomorphs (acritarchs and dinoflagellates) up the stratigraphic column from Nkporo to Nsukka Formation points to greater marine influence and a deepening basin with paludal conditions more evident in Mamu Formation.

The study was initiated to address the need for accessible spatial data on pothole locations, which is crucial for road maintenance efforts aimed at reducing accidents, preventing loss of life, and protecting property. Its goal was to conduct a spatial analysis of pothole locations and their geometrical features, providing essential information for policymakers, road construction companies, and road users in Yenagoa City Local Government Area, Bayelsa State. The research objectives included identifying the spatial locations of potholes, analyzing their geometrical characteristics, calculating the total volume of potholes on the roads, and producing a geospatial map of potholes in the study area. The study examined twenty internal roads, including Opolo Road, Ebi’s Mechanic Road, Amarata, Goodnews Road, and Azikoro. A combination of ground survey methods, remote sensing, and geospatial information systems was used. Data were collected using a Differential Global Positioning System with Real-Time Kinematics and drone technology, which provided both three-dimensional and aerial views of the potholes. Data processing was conducted using ArcGIS 10 and Drone-Deploy software. The findings included the coordinates, surface areas, volumes, imagery, and digitized maps of the potholes in the study area. A total of 239 potholes were identified, with varying surface areas and volumes across the roads. Ebi’s Mechanic Road in Amarata had the highest percentage of potholes, accounting for 21% of the total with 51 potholes covering 11,958.901m2. Azikoro Road was found to be the longest and widest road, while Nepa Road was the shortest. Notably, Opolo Road, which is the  only interlocked road, had the fewest potholes and the smallest surface area affected by them. The deployment of Geospatial techniques in this study underscored the capability of the approach to delineate and generate the geometrical attributes of these potholes in the study area.