Palynological analysis was carried out on twenty ditch cutting samples which were gotten from Uquo well 12 located at Uquo, Akwa Ibom state. The depth ranged from 1720ft to 2860ft. The aim of the study was to determine the age, depositional environment and paleoecology penetrated by the well. The palynological analysis yielded sufficient palynomorph (pollen, spores, Acritach). The most occurred palynomorphs recovered were Smooth monolete spore, Verrucatosporite tenellis, Foraminiferal test lining, Polypodiaceiosporites sp. The dominance of mangrove pollens; Zonocostites ramonae and Psilatricolporites crassus, this indicates that the sediments were likely deposited in a mangrove environment under a wet climate during the Pliocene. The age range penetrated by the well is late Miocene to Early Pliocene because of the co-occurrence of the index species of Cyperaceopollis spore, Nympheapollis lotus and Stereisporites spore seen at 1900ft and 2440ft. Since the study area is foreshore environment and the characteristics are: moderately low to moderately high coastal brackish water swamp community elements, moderately high hinterland fresh water swamp/forest elements, absence of sporadic of marine element therefore samples here has relatively few content

Terrestrial measurements of gravity data are limited to only accessible areas. Areas that are not easily accessible due to lack of access route, security, cost etc. are found unfavorable for terrestrial measurements. These among others lead to the development of satellites to fill those gaps. Satellites have been used for data acquisition for years and have recorded a great success in numerous ways. This paper presents the principle of operation of such satellites. The successful geophysical researches carried out using satellite acquired gravity data from existing literature were also discussed. The researches applied the satellite gravity data for numerous applications notably ground water survey, hydrology, geothermal survey, Mineral and hydrocarbon explorations, lithological characterization (Edge/boundary detection, depth estimation), Modeling of magma chamber, volcanic subsurface survey, characterization of upper atmospheric density etc. Satellite gravity survey is found to be very essential and relatively more advantageous compared to terrestrial survey because the human effort in data acquisition is less, it has wider coverage in small time, access to places that cannot be accessed on ground. It is therefore recommended that the functions of the satellites should be further expanded using new innovations like machine learning and artificial intelligence in order to increase efficiency.

The research area, site “G” is located in the city of Ibadan and is surrounded by the basement complex rock mainly migmatite-gneiss and been a hard rock, it is not alienated from the problem of water scarcity. In this region, water is usually encountered either in weathered zone or fractured basement which serve as a conduit for groundwater passage. It is also along this fracture that materials such as quartzo-feldsparthic minerals occur and tend to heal the fracture, hence the need for intensive geological and geophysical exploration to locate this important basement fracture. Very low frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) alongside with geological survey was adopted and conductivity data were acquired along fifteen VLF traverses utilizing very low frequency of about 15 KHz using ABEM WADI survey equipment. 13 profiles were in the east-west (E-W) direction which is the dip direction of the structural elements, while the 2 profiles were in north-south (N-S) direction to serve as a control. The acquired data were analyzed, filtered and displayed inform of profiles and Karous-Hjelt (K-H) filtered pseudo-section to show conductivity and resistivity in 2-D. The results reveal pocket of conductive zones which have been considered as fractures with different dimension and orientation. Most are single fractures, while some are closely spaced double fractures, some of which are connected to each other in depth. Also, some of these fractures contain water while some are dry, some are even suspected to be healed with quartzo-feldsparthic minerals and all of these depend on the conductivity / resistivity signature exhibited by the fractures. Therefore, it can be concluded that VLF has effectively characterise the basement into fractures that contain water, barren fracture and even fracture that contain quartzo-feldsparthic vein.

Context: One of the volcanoes on the East African Rift’s Virunga chain is the Nyiragongo. It is recognized for its Hawaiian-style eruptive dynamism and is especially interesting for studies aimed at comprehending the dynamics of the East African Rift. Objectives: In order to close the geochemistry gap, comprehend the evolution of the Nyiragongo magmas over a 20-year period, and enhance our knowledge of the southern region of the Nyiragongo volcanic field, this paper examines the significance of comparative research on the petrography and geochemistry of Nyiragongo volcano flows from 2002 and 2021. Approaches: A field campaign was conducted using the Hammer Survey method to characterize available outcrops macroscopically. Samples were taken to identify unnoticed size and propose relative words. Four out of fifteen samples underwent microscopic examination. Results: The 2021 and 2002 Nyiragongo volcano eruptions have similar mineralogical compositions, dominated by nepheline phenocrysts. However, the 2021 lava has a porphyritic to microlithic texture, with undersaturated silica and enriched alkalis. Olivine microlith is present in the 2002 flow, but not in the 2021 lava. In conclusion, the persistence of dispersive features linked to the East African rift is demonstrated by the geochemical description of geotectonic locations. The alkaline series is geochemically suited to both flows.

The study deals with the Geophysical investigation of Iwo and Ilesha, Osun State, using aeromagnetic data. Qualitative as well as quantitative interpretation of the aeromagnetic data were carried out to obtain more information about the thickness of sedimentary basins. Two methods were used in the interpretation; there are Euler deconvolution method and source parameter imaging (SPI). Oasis Montaj software was employed in the analysis, the Magnetic intensity ranges from a minimum value of -22.7 nT to a maximum value of 110.4 nT, this indicate that the area is characterised with low and high magnetic signature and could be as a result of difference in magnetic susceptibility, depth and the nature of the magnetic anomalous bodies present. The depth for magnetic source ranges from 187.6 to 1005.5 m using parameter imaging (SPI).Using Euler deconvolution method, the depth estimation for structural index (SI = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) ranges from 300 m to 25481m, 262.9m to 1826.2m and 391.0m to 3243.6m respectively. The results obtained indicate shallow depths to magnetic anomalies which may not be suitable for hydrocarbon accumulation.

The usefulness of groundwater vulnerability mapping cannot be overemphasized in planning, policy formulation and decision-making for groundwater management and protection. The present study employed geographic information system based overlay and index methods (DRASTIC, DRASTIC-LU, GOD and AVI models) in assessing and mapping groundwater vulnerability zones in Ile Oluji area of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The models’ parameters were prepared using hydrogeological (well/borehole) data, geophysical data, and satellite imageries. The weightage of different parameters was done using analytical hierarchy process. The DRASTIC map classified the area into the low vulnerability (30 % of the area), moderate (4%), high-vulnerability zone (60 %), and very high vulnerability zone (6 %). The DRASTIC-LU distinguished the area into high – very high groundwater vulnerability zone (90 %), while low – moderately low area has 10 % aerial extent. The GOD and AVI models, categorized the vulnerable areas into quite low (<0.03) to low (0.03 – 0.3); and high (0.98 – 1.85) to extremely high (<0.98) vulnerability zones respectively. As a result, the DRASTIC, DRASTIC-LU, and AVI models all showed predominate high vulnerability zone, which was also confirmed by the nitrate map. The index values in the DRASTIC and DRASTIC-LU models revealed significant overlap. Therefore, in the research region, slope, hydraulic conductivity, net recharge, soil medium, and depth to water level are the factors that have the greatest influence on groundwater quality. Due to the significant number of highly vulnerable places, the aquifers must be protected immediately.

The Banket Series, which is a paleoplacer deposit, is the third formation in the stratigraphy of Tarkwaian Supergroup. This project seeks to study petrographically; the lithologies in the banket series to confirm the rocks identity as already known or state otherwise. Two different photomicrographs of each of the rock samples, coupled by their petrographic descriptions were obtained from the laboratory. The main areas of our arguments were based in Bowen’s reaction series, metamorphic facies of the rocks, the earth structure and thermodynamic phase diagrams. The sampled rocks can be confirmed with the help of thin sections and mineral facies to be conglomerate, dolerite and quartzite. The minerals in the banket series range in temperature between 200°C and 800°C. The abundance of silica (SiO2) in the rocks conglomerate, dolerite and quartzite are of crustal origin, whereas pyroxene and olivine originate from the upper mantle. The common stable minerals in the studied rocks, namely, amphibole, chlorite and plagioclase are less likely to change compared to the other minerals in the rocks. The three (3) different metamorphic facies of the rocks conglomerate, dolerite and quartzite are respectively greenschist, epidote-amphibolite and amphibolite facies.

This paper seeks to assess the potential of Alkali-Silica Reaction on some granitic rocks in Kumasi in Ghana. Alkali-Silica reactions occur over time between alkaline cement paste and silica contained in rock aggregates as a result of the swelling due to the reaction of certain constituents in the rock aggregates with alkali hydroxides. Alkali-Silica reactions become potentially harmful when they cause significant expansion. Aggregates used for this research were sought from three different quarries, namely, Consar Stone Quarry in Barekese, Nnagot Quarry in Kona and Modern Granite Quarry in Buoho. To achieve the objectives of this project, two test methods were employed such as Accelerated Mortar Bar test (ASTM C1260) and Petrographic analysis. Presence of strained quartz is an indicator for the occurrence of Alkali-Silica Reaction. Samples from Kona contained quite an appreciable amount of strained quartz and exhibited an expansion above the ASTM C 1260 specification, implying that it is potentially reactive and thus not useful for construction works, whilst samples from Barekese, and Buoho were innocuous and may be used for construction works. Supplementary cementing materials such as pozzolans (which are readily available) can be added to concrete mixtures with aggregates from Kona to reduce the harsh effects of ASR.

In this appraisal, heavy metal concentrations in soils from Zamfara State were enumerated approximately a decade after the lead poisoning saga using indexes of pollution. The area is enhancement with valuable ores and minerals including gold making mining the most lucrative business in the area. The soils were moderate to slightly basic with a pH range from 6.49 ± 0.12 to 7.96 ± 0.15 (water) and 6.15 ± 0.10 to 7.80 ± 0.17 (KCl). Contamination / pollution (C/P) values reported for cadmium, lead, zinc and copper was 42.66, 0.59, 0.85 and 3.04 in the respective order (severe contamination to excessive pollution). The contamination factor (CF) was greater than the highest factor of 6, indicating very high contamination. The calculated values for geochemical accumulation (Igeo) and ecological risk factor (ERf) for Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu was (19.26, 0.27, 0.38, 1.37) and (1280, 2.95, 0.85, 15.2) respectively while the potential ecological risk index (ERi) was 1299, indicating that the soils were perturbed (polluted). Considering the deleterious effects heavy metals could cause and the resultant health implications, there is need to further remediate the polluted areas so as to avert harm to organisms and humans would consume crops grown in such environment.

One of the most common problem faced by geotechnical engineers is slope stability assessment. The predictions of slope stability in soil or rock masses is very important for the designing of reservoir dams, roads, tunnels, excavations, open pit mines, and other engineering structures. It is the importance of slope stability problem that has reasoned alternate methods for evaluating the safety of a slope. This study reviews the existing methods used for slope stability analysis. These methods are divided into five different groups which are; (a) Limit equilibrium method, (b) Numerical simulation method, (c) Artificial neural network method, (d) Limit analysis method, and (e) Vector sum method.