The Kenyan Marble Quarry (KMQ) community is famous for its abundant crystalline limestone deposits, mined for the past eight decades or more at an industrial scale. The area is underlain by a lithologically and structurally complex mix of basement system rocks, and being semi-arid, there are no perennial waters in the area; hence, almost total dependence is on groundwater derived from confined basement aquifers whose occurrence is affected by geological and morphological intricacies. Long-term active mining, coupled with intense weathering processes, are potential geological triggers that could influence the hydrogeological makeup of the area, hence affecting groundwater flow and the physicochemical character of the aquifer. This study aims to interpret data from geological ground-truthing, remote sensing, and existing borehole logs to gain insights into the likely morphological, geological, and structural impacts on surface run-off and sub-surface flow in the KMQ community and its surrounding localities. Run-off flow patterns over the drainage area correlate strongly with surface elevation trends, but the multi-directional dendritic stream flow is highly impacted by soil nature and surface lineaments, evidenced by a SE mean directional stream flow, which correlates with the NW-SE principal orientation of foliations in the area. Patterns of spatial groundwater table elevation over the area show average correlation with surface elevation patterns. Subsurface water flow directions differ to some extent, indicating strong geological controls with NEE-SWW and NW-SE major trending fractures serving as conduits. Accurate point information from borehole logs indicates that weathered and fractured biotite gneisses are the main aquiferous zones over the study area. They are confined by fresh metamorphic basements and clays, which raise the water table upward to depths of up to 17m in some places. The weathered aquifers are highly prone to chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, leaching, or dissolution, all favouring pollution. Also, rock disintegration from mining, exposed surfaces of abandoned mines, and mine tailings could favour acidic conditions and pollution by metallic and non-metallic agents, washed down the drains as run-off. This paper provides a background for further scientific research into possible soil and water pollution from geogenic sources triggered by industrial mining in the KMQ area and extending to its neighbouring localities.

This study investigates the tectono-stratigraphic response of the continental red beds of Abu Zenima Formation, Sinai using digital outcrop modelling to the evolution of the intra-block Nukhul fault zone during the Oligo-Miocene initial rifting phase in the Suez Rift, Egypt. Nukhul fault zone is one of the several intra-block fault zones from a 500 Km2 area of the Hammam Faraun fault block and is interpreted to have evolved from two isolated fault segments trending NW-SE. Abu Zenima Formation represents the early fluvio-lacustrine syn-rift stratigraphy and documents an early phase of basin fill in the hanging-wall of Nukhul fault zone. The stratal geometries are characterised by considerable along-strike variability in thickness and onlap relationship. The thickest stratigraphy developed towards the centre of the fault segments. This shows variation in displacement along the strike from maxima at fault centre to minima at fault tip produced as a result of temporal and spatial evolution of normal fault growth. Fault-propagation folds that form due to the growth of extensional faults, in particular fault-parallel syncline and fault-perpendicular anticline control the structural style of the early syn-rift basin. The observed onlap relationship of the lower stratal geometries and the subsequent pronounced thinning of the upper stratal geometries towards the fault-perpendicular anticline from the two NW-SE segments, indicates that the two fault segments interacted at an early age during the initial rifting and were subsequently linked as a normal fault zone. The implication of this study could be related to hydrocarbon exploration of early syn-rift play in many rift basin within the passive (Atlantic type) continental margins. Such basin contains excellent fluvial reservoirs with thickness variation, truncation and onlap relationship across the basin. Thus, understanding the tectonic control and other synorogenic sedimentation and resultant depositional geometries of syn-rift sedimentary rocks will substantially reduces hydrocarbon exploration risk.

The modulus of elasticity is one of the major parameters satisfying well bore stability and it has been modelled to account for this purpose in the A3-Field of the Niger Delta Basin. Three different suites of logs (Q, R and S) were available for this research. Microsoft Excel was used for the data processing and computation of results after due process had been taken to free the data from noise. The results obtained from the three separate data yield log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4292 log 𝐸 from well Q, log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4314 log 𝐸 from well R and log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4339 log 𝐸 from well S. The parameter P, chosen as the local fit constant, shows almost sameness and as such averaged as 2.4315. If the dynamic young’s modulus is known, then log 𝐸𝑠 = 2.4315 log 𝐸 is adequate for computation of static young’s modulus. This result had been tested with the model from Bradford approach although very slight deviation is noted. Bradford case study excluded Niger Delta Basin which could be the reason for this. The coefficients of determination of the three relations strongly established the advantage of P value obtained from this finding. The differences in the coefficients of determination show that this research finding improves the outcome when compared to Bradford constant by 0.0169 for well Q, 0.0031 for well R, 0.0241 for well S, in the Niger Delta basin. These differences are appreciable results needed for accurate prediction of brittleness and stability parameter and development of the oil wells.

This study employed spectral analysis, Source Parameter Imaging (SPI), and Euler deconvulation techniques on two aeoromagnetic data sheets (Illushi 286 and Nsukka 287) to assess the depth to sub-surface structures and estimate the depth to magnetic sources at the transition region of Oyandega Area, Ibaji local government of Kogi state, part of lower Benue Trough (Anambra Basin). SPI techniques show minimum to maximum depth to anomalous source as 25.765m to 2533.293m. Euler deconvolution for contact body (Structural Index=1), indicate depth ranges from -473.70m to 751.11m, for extrusive body like thin layer, dyke (Structural Index =2) ranges from -619.74 to 1122.25m and for sphere (Structural Index =3), the depth to magnetic source obtained ranges from -800m to 1494.12m. From the spectral analysis, depth to the first layer (D1) in the study area varies from 1.3100 km to 5.6700 km with an average depth of 3.4900 km while second layer depth (D2) varies from 0.15300 km to 1.3200 km with the average depth of 0.7365 km. This result therefore indicates that the average basement depth of the study area as deduced from power spectrum inversion is 2.11325 km. The results favour the accumulation of petroleum around Agnosi, Annegbette, ijankuta and Uhro of the study area. The shallow magnetic sources around Nwajala, Adani, and Ogbo-uvuru are believed to be the resultant of basement rocks that were tectonically uplifted into the sedimentary overburden.

This paper presents the petrography and mineral chemistry of charnockitic gneisses exposed at Ikeram-Ibaram within the Precambrian Basement Complex of southwestern Nigeria. Quartz, plagioclase, perthite, amphibole, biotite and orthopyroxene are essential minerals, while apatite, ilmenite, magnetite and zircon are accessories. Orthopyroxene is ferro-hypersthene (En44Fs56Wo0) with low TiO2, CaO contents, but high in MgO compositions. Orthopyroxene is mantled by hornblende and relicts of biotite grains are found within orthopyroxene as inclusions. Plagioclase is andesine and occur as inclusions in other minerals. Biotite has high concentration of TiO2, but poor in CaO. Ilmenite and magnetite are closely associated with orthopyroxene. Rare earth element (REE) displays enrichment in light REE and depletion in heavy REE with negative Eu anomaly. Biotite as relicts in orthopyroxene and amphibole mantling orthopyroxene are clear evidences of retrograde metamorphic events. The mineral reactions suggest the retrogression of the charnockitic gneisses that are products of rehydration processes. These relationships between pairs of minerals indicate retrogressive form of metamorphism at the transition from granulite facies to amphibolites facies.

The aeromagnetic survey of Isi-Uzo was conducted by Nigeria Geological Survey Agency. 305,669 numeric data points make up the entire amount of Isi-Uzo data points. These data points were digitally captured (X, Y, Z text file) following the removal of the geomagnetic slope from the initial data set using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). Through the use of source parameter imaging, that was examined using Oasis montaj software, the depths of the magnetic source body were determined. The research area’s magnetic intensity varies between -74.72 to 147.24 nT, at its lowest and maximum levels, respectively. There could be a dip or plunge, change in lithology, change in depth, variation in magnetic susceptibility, or angle of strike causing this fluctuation in magnetic strength. The SPI depth value varies with a minimum of 151.6 m for shallow depth magnetic bodies to a maximum of 3082.7 m for deep lying magnetic things. Thick sedimentation for hydrocarbon formation and mineral deposit is seen at depths ranging from 1200 m to 3082.7 m whereas shallow depths of 35 m to 150 m which are evident of excellent prospective sources of water. This work gives information that will be very important in mineral exploration and management for economic growth in the area.

Microscopic analysis and interpretation of the geochemical signatures of heavy minerals collected during stream sediment execution in the Kimpangu agglomeration and surrounding area have revealed the existence of four mineralogical families: ilmenites, garnets, spinels and pyroxenes. The geochemical signatures of these minerals confirm that they belong to Lherzolitic and pyroxenitic enclaves for the first three families, and to continental enclaves for pyroxenes. These mantle and crustal enclaves were eroded by kimberlitic magma, the two intrusions of which are located at Mbanza Yanga and south of Kimpangu.

This study utilized electrical resistivity survey methods using the Schlumberger configuration to investigate subsurface formations and assess groundwater vulnerability in the study area. The study employed vertical electrical sounding (VES) with Schlumberger electrode configuration in acquiring the data at ten locations across the study area. The result revealed five geoelectric layers with the fourth layer delineated as the aquifer layers. The values of resistivity and thickness were used in estimating the geohydraulic parameters (Dar-Zarrouk parameters, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, hydraulic resistance and formation factor) which help in evaluating the study area. The values of longitudinal conductance ranged from 0.002 to 0.046 mhos, transverse resistance ranged from 41836.86 to 6462359 Ωm2, porosity ranged from 7.298 to 19.538 %, formation factor ranged from 0.002 to 0.025, hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.018 to 0.266 m2/day and hydraulic resistance ranged from 70.601 to 3895 237. The longitudinal conductance revealed the study area as poorly conducted while the aquifer vulnerability index show low to moderate vulnerability.

The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable coal extraction emphasizes the critical need for accurately characterizing coal seams. This study explores the utilization of multi-attribute seismic fusion technology to analyze the seismic response of coal seams in the Kashmir Basin. Through the application of a two-dimensional forward geological model incorporating coal layers and roadways, we extracted seismic attributes such as relative wave impedance, instantaneous amplitude, and frequency, aiming to assess their effectiveness in detecting anomalies caused by roadways within the coal seam. Our findings indicate that these attributes successfully capture variations in seismic response induced by roadways. However, individual attributes may face challenges in differentiation based on roadway fill material. To address this limitation, RGB multi-attribute fusion technology was employed. Compared to single attributes, the fused attribute offers a more comprehensive representation of geological features, enabling clearer visualization of tunnel boundaries and extraction of richer geological information. This methodology enhances the accuracy of seismic data interpretation and simplifies the delineation of complex geological structures within coal seams. This research underscores the potential of multi-attribute fusion technology in advancing coal seam characterization in the Kashmir Basin and beyond. The improved understanding of complex geological structures translates to optimized resource exploration strategies and more informed decision-making in the mining industry.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) is a country with strong potential in mineral raw materials; therefore, it is qualified as a “Geological Scandal.” It is the world’s leading producer of cobalt, and in 2022 it will be among the five major copper producers in the world. Although the mining sector plays a major role in economic growth, the country does not fully benefit from these resources due to the uncontrolled exploitation of raw materials, fraud, mining smuggling, and the lack of means for local processing of minerals. natural resources. DR Congo was classified by the World Bank as one of the five poorest countries in the world in 2022, despite the potential it presents. Given the great importance of critical minerals in the energy transition, the demand for raw materials is increasingly high. The DR Congo receives more requests for mining titles for the exploitation of resources. Unfortunately, these resources are non-renewable, and their exploitation destroys the environment. New technologies based on spatial analysis and remote sensing applied in the mining sector are capable of monitoring operating activities to combat the anarchic exploitation of resources and also control the waste evacuated by mining companies during the mining phases of exploration and especially during the hydrometallurgical treatment of ores. Areas damaged by these activities can be remediated using new remediation engineering techniques and tools. Remote sensing would also be involved in the acquisition of data that is difficult to access based on gaps in environmental reports. For the application of these techniques, the Ministry of Mines of DR Congo will have to act through its technical services and other services of the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technological Development, such as the national remote sensing center, the national geological service, and the geographical institute of Congo.